On Monday 11 December 2023 at 22:33:44 UTC+1, a a wrote:
> Kuchenki gazowe zostaną zakazane? Oto co mówią fakty
>
> Paweł Usiądek na TikToku powiedział: "Kuchenki gazowe zostaną zakazane w Europie.
Koniec z kuchenkami gazowymi. Kolejna zmiana, do której będziemy zmuszeni się
dostosować. [...] Musimy przygotować się na nową erę, gdyż wszystkie kuchenki w
domach na terenie Unii Europejskiej będą musiały zostać dostosowane do nowych
standardów. W praktyce oznacza to, że będą musiały zostać wymienione"
>
>
> https://www.onet.pl/informacje/demagog/kuchenki-gazo
we-zostana-zakazane-oto-co-mowia-fakty/kbdmgs9,30bc1
058
>
> Kalifornia już zakazała gotowania na gazie.
>
> Ale prawdziwa przyczyna jest taka, że obecny gaz to gaz łupkowy, a gaz łupkowy
podczas spalania, spala także trujący benzen, który zawiera, który jest rakotwórczy
>
> Gaz ziemny nie zawierał trującego benzenu, a gaz głupkowy zawiera


Warning !!! Highly toxic and carcinogenic benzene in shale gas
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"Health effects
A bottle of benzene. The warnings show benzene is a toxic and flammable liquid.

Benzene is classified as a carcinogen, which increases the risk of cancer and other
illnesses, and is also a notorious cause of bone marrow failure. Substantial
quantities of epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory data link benzene to aplastic
anemia, acute leukemia, bone marrow abnormalities and cardiovascular
disease.[73][74][75] The specific hematologic malignancies that benzene is associated
with include: acute myeloid leukemia (AML), aplastic anemia, myelodysplastic syndrome
(MDS), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).[76]

The American Petroleum Institute (API) stated as early as 1948 that "it is generally
considered that the only absolutely safe concentration for benzene is zero".[77]
There is no safe exposure level; even tiny amounts can cause harm.[78] The US
Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) classifies benzene as a human
carcinogen. Long-term exposure to excessive levels of benzene in the air causes
leukemia, a potentially fatal cancer of the blood-forming organs. In particular,
acute myeloid leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (AML & ANLL) is caused by
benzene.[79] IARC rated benzene as "known to be carcinogenic to humans" (Group 1).

As benzene is ubiquitous in gasoline and hydrocarbon fuels that are in use
everywhere, human exposure to benzene is a global health problem. Benzene targets the
liver, kidney, lung, heart and brain and can cause DNA strand breaks and chromosomal
damage, hence is teratogenic and mutagenic. Benzene causes cancer in animals
including humans. Benzene has been shown to cause cancer in both sexes of multiple
species of laboratory animals exposed via various routes.[80][81]
Exposure to benzene

According to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (2007),
benzene is both a synthetically-made and naturally occurring chemical from processes
that include: volcanic eruptions, wild fires, synthesis of chemicals such as phenol,
production of synthetic fibers, and fabrication of rubbers, lubricants, pesticides,
medications, and dyes. The major sources of benzene exposure are tobacco smoke,
automobile service stations, exhaust from motor vehicles, and industrial emissions;
however, ingestion and dermal absorption of benzene can also occur through contact
with contaminated water. Benzene is hepatically metabolized and excreted in the
urine. Measurement of air and water levels of benzene is accomplished through
collection via activated charcoal tubes, which are then analyzed with a gas
chromatograph. The measurement of benzene in humans can be accomplished via urine,
blood, and breath tests; however, all of these have their limitations because benzene
is rapidly metabolized in the human body.[82]

Exposure to benzene may lead progressively to aplastic anemia, leukaemia, and
multiple myeloma.[83]

OSHA regulates levels of benzene in the workplace.[84] The maximum allowable amount
of benzene in workroom air during an 8-hour workday, 40-hour workweek is 1 ppm. As
benzene can cause cancer, NIOSH recommends that all workers wear special breathing
equipment when they are likely to be exposed to benzene at levels exceeding the
recommended (8-hour) exposure limit of 0.1 ppm.[85]
Benzene exposure limits

The United States Environmental Protection Agency has set a maximum contaminant level
for benzene in drinking water at 0.0005 mg/L (5 ppb), as promulgated via the U.S.
National Primary Drinking Water Regulations.[86] This regulation is based on
preventing benzene leukemogenesis. The maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG), a
nonenforceable health goal that would allow an adequate margin of safety for the
prevention of adverse effects, is zero benzene concentration in drinking water. The
EPA requires that spills or accidental releases into the environment of 10 pounds
(4.5 kg) or more of benzene be reported.

The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set a permissible
exposure limit of 1 part of benzene per million parts of air (1 ppm) in the workplace
during an 8-hour workday, 40-hour workweek. The short term exposure limit for
airborne benzene is 5 ppm for 15 minutes.[87] These legal limits were based on
studies demonstrating compelling evidence of health risk to workers exposed to
benzene. The risk from exposure to 1 ppm for a working lifetime has been estimated as
5 excess leukemia deaths per 1,000 employees exposed. (This estimate assumes no
threshold for benzene's carcinogenic effects.) OSHA has also established an action
level of 0.5 ppm to encourage even lower exposures in the workplace.[88]

The U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) revised the
Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) concentration for benzene to 500 ppm.
The current NIOSH definition for an IDLH condition, as given in the NIOSH Respirator
Selection Logic, is one that poses a threat of exposure to airborne contaminants when
that exposure is likely to cause death or immediate or delayed permanent adverse
health effects or prevent escape from such an environment.[89] The purpose of
establishing an IDLH value is (1) to ensure that the worker can escape from a given
contaminated environment in the event of failure of the respiratory protection
equipment and (2) is considered a maximum level above which only a highly reliable
breathing apparatus providing maximum worker protection is permitted.[89][90] In
September 1995, NIOSH issued a new policy for developing recommended exposure limits
(RELs) for substances, including carcinogens. As benzene can cause cancer, NIOSH
recommends that all workers wear special breathing equipment when they are likely to
be exposed to benzene at levels exceeding the REL (10-hour) of 0.1 ppm.[91] The NIOSH
short-term exposure limit (STEL - 15 min) is 1 ppm.

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) adopted Threshold
Limit Values (TLVs) for benzene at 0.5 ppm TWA and 2.5 ppm STEL.[citation needed]
Toxicology
Biomarkers of exposure

Several tests can determine exposure to benzene. Benzene itself can be measured in
breath, blood or urine, but such testing is usually limited to the first 24 hours
post-exposure due to the relatively rapid removal of the chemical by exhalation or
biotransformation. Most people in developed countries have measureable baseline
levels of benzene and other aromatic petroleum hydrocarbons in their blood. In the
body, benzene is enzymatically converted to a series of oxidation products including
muconic acid, phenylmercapturic acid, phenol, catechol, hydroquinone and
1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene. Most of these metabolites have some value as biomarkers of
human exposure, since they accumulate in the urine in proportion to the extent and
duration of exposure, and they may still be present for some days after exposure has
ceased. The current ACGIH biological exposure limits for occupational exposure are
500 ?g/g creatinine for muconic acid and 25 ?g/g creatinine for phenylmercapturic
acid in an end-of-shift urine specimen.[92][93][94][95]
Biotransformations